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Introduction
1.The petitioner herein, instituted this suit/petition seeking judgment against the respondents, jointly and severally for:-
i)A declaration that the decision by the respondents to open a road and/or construct a road passing through Mogotio Girls High School land to the extent that there was no consultation or public participation by the school and by the student community, then the same was therefore arbitrary, unreasonable, illegal and in total unconstitutional and had violated Article 10 of the Constitution of Kenya and was accordingly for quashing and/or setting aside in its entirety by the orders of the honourable court;
ii)A declaration that the public participation ought to be real and not illusionary and ought not to be treated as a mere regularity, formality of Constitutional dictates and further that the failure by the respondents to serve posters, newspaper or any form of notice to the petitioner requiring them to attend any scheduled consultative meeting for public participation and/or views gathering on the intended opening of the road constituted a violation of the national values and principles of governance and one such principle and value which binds all is the public participation value/principle. In consequence, the whole process was an illegality, irrational, arbitrary and unconstitutional, null and void ab initio;
iii)An order of permanent injunction do issue restraining the respondents by themselves, their servants, agents, employees and/or whomsoever jointly and severally from beaconing, from bringing in surveyors, from initiating the opening and/or construction of a road passing through Mogotio Girls High School from entering the petitioner’s land, from planning, from holding meetings, from launching the road construction, from passing the resolution, from encroaching on the school land, from effecting the intended road opening, from carrying out any activity on the school land and from having any dealings on the school land and from having dealings on L.R No.9109/101 approximately 27.31Ha and in future for them to carry out their actions publicly, fairly, openly and observing the public participation value/principle.
iv)An order for compensation to the petitioner for the violations of the petitioner’s constitutional rights.
v)Any other relief that the court may deem fit and necessary to grant to redress the violation of the petitioner’s right to property and to redress the lack of fair hearing and lack of fair administrative action.
2.As can be discerned from the averments/contentions on the face of the petition and the affidavit sworn in support thereof, the petition/suit is premised on alleged threat to construct a public road passing through the petitioner’s school. The petitioner complains that the decision to construct/open a public road through their land was done without consultation with the school community/stakeholders hence arbitrary, unreasonable, procedurally unfair and illegal.
3.The impugned decision is said to have been communicated to the petitioner by way of Text message (SMS) by the area Member of County Assembly (MCA). The area MCA is said to have attended a meeting at Mogotio Girls Secondary School and confirmed that the road was to be opened by January 2023.
4.According to the Minutes of a joint Board of Management (BOM) meeting of Mogotio Vocational Training College (VTC) and Mogotio Girls Secondary School held on 1st December, 2022 there was no official communication concerning the alleged threat of opening of a public road through the petitioner’s land. Be that as it may, because the petitioner was apprehensive that a public road may be opened through their land thereby adversely affecting it and Mogotio VTC, they saw it well to have the joint meeting. It is in that joint meeting that a resolution was passed to file a suit in court to stop the construction of the road between the two institutions. In that meeting, it was acknowledged, albeit implicitly, that the road in question exists in the map for the area drawn in 2013. In the meeting, it was also resolved that a suit be filed to have the road expunged from the map as it does not exist in the map of 1984.
5.The petition is undefended.
Petitioner’s Submissions
6.Pursuant to directions given to the effect that the petition will be disposed of by way of written submissions, the petitioners filed submissions dated 8th October, 2025 in which they submit that the petition raises serious constitutional questions concerning the right to property, the right to fair administrative action, the right to education and the principle of public participation enshrined under Article 10 of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010; that attempting to curve out a road through their school without public participation, transparency and accountability, the respondents violated their right to property and the right to be afforded public participation concerning an action or activity which threatens the existence of the school and its operation.
7.The petitioners have made reference to the provisions of Article 10(2) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and a number of decided cases where the principle of public participation is discussed/espoused, and submitted that it is not in dispute that the respondents proceeded to commence and took steps towards opening a road through the petitioner’s school land without consulting the school administration, the students and the wider school community.
8.Complaining that there were no notices, barazas, newspaper advertisement or any other mechanisms employed to involve or inform the petitioners of the intention to open a road through the school prior to the impugned planned action/activity, the petitioner terms failure to conduct public participation concerning the impugned activity not a mere procedural lapse but a fundamental breach of a constitutional safeguard which renders the entire process unconstitutional, illegal, null and void.
9.Based on the cited cases, the petitioner submits that there is need for public participation in cases where the impending act will impact the welfare and conduct of the petitioner’s business. According to the petitioner, the impugned activity, if implemented, will affect it as the school land would require a perimeter wall and a flyover for the students to cross over the other parcel of land; that it will also make the environment for learning unfriendly to the students due to the noise from the motor vehicles and the pedestrians among other hazards.
10.The petitioner further complains that they were not given notice and afforded opportunity to be listened to concerning any concerns that they may have and the concerns of the school fraternity and assert that the omission is a violation of their right to fair administrative action.
11.It is the petitioner’s case that sanctioning such conduct would be a total miscarriage of the principles of justice and in all aspects unconstitutional.
12.The petitioner’s further submit that the proposed construction of a road through the school land is a violation of their right to education under Article 43(1)(f) and the right to inherent dignity guaranteed under Article 28 of the Constitution.
13.The impugned decision of the respondents (planning a public road through the petitioner’s school land unilaterally), is said to be a blatant violation of the Physical and Land Use Planning Act as the constitutional safeguards outlined in the Act were not complied with (There was no public participation through county forums or otherwise and the school community was denied the opportunity to be heard on a matter that fundamentally affects their welfare).
14.The respondents are also said to have ignored the procedural safeguards envisaged under the Public Roads and Road of Access Act, Cap 399 Laws of Kenya.
15.Explaining/claiming that they lack an adequate audience before a forum created by statute to resolve the dispute they have brought before this court, the petitioner contends/submits that the instant petition is not vitiated by the doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance.
16.Maintaining that they have demonstrated that the respondents acted unconstitutionally, illegally and arbitrary in planning to open a road through their school, Mogotio Girls High School without affording them public participation thereby violating their right to fair administrative action, the petitioners urge this court to grant them the reliefs sought.
Analysis and determination
17.I have read the pleadings filed by the petitioner and taken into account the circumstances leading to the filing of the petition which is the planned opening of a public access road through the petitioner’s school land. I have also read and considered the grounds advanced for the petitioner’s objection to the opening of a public access road through their school land as well as the submissions made in support of the petition.
18.From the petition, the affidavit evidence adduced in support thereof and submissions, I find the issues for the court’s determination to be:-
i)Whether the petition meets the threshold of a constitutional petition?
ii)Whether petitioners’ have made a case for being granted the orders sought?
iii)What order should the court make?
19.On whether the petitioner’s suit meets the threshold of a constitutional petition, a review of the circumstances leading to filing of the petition shows that the petition was filed after the petitioners received a text message from the area MCA informing them of a planned road opening exercise that was to be carried in January, 2023. The area MCA is also said to have visited the school and restated the information. To prove the alleged threat, the petitioners have produced the minutes of a joint BOM meeting of both Mogotio VTC and Mogotio Girls Secondary School where the above source of information concerning the planned opening of the public access road through the school land is captured.
20. It is noteworthy that in minutes referred to in paragraph 20 above, the petitioners acknowledge that the information/communication they received from their area MCA was not official. In those minutes, it is also acknowledged, albeit implicitly, that in the map for the area drawn in 2013, there exists a public access road which passes through the school. The minutes suggest that the public access road did not exist in the map for the area drawn in 1984.
21.The joint BOM passed a resolution for filing a suit to stop the planned opening of the public access road through their school land and for removal of the public access road from the map.
22.Whilst the petitioners complain that they were neither consulted nor given a hearing before the planned opening of the public access road, a keen appraisal of the issue(s) arising from the petition leaves one without a doubt that the bone of contention stems from creation of public access road through the petitioner’s school land, something that happened in 2013 or thereabout.
23.Whereas the petitioners have addressed the court at length on the planned opening of the public access road, they have not addressed the court on the circumstances upon which the public access road was created in 2013 or thereabout. They have also not provided the court with the area map for 1984 to help the court determine the question of existence or none existence of the road before 2013. Further, they have not extracted the text message sent to them by the area MCA or record a statement of the MCA and produced it in evidence before this court to shed light to it on what informed the sending of the text message or circumstances upon which the text message was sent to help the court make an informed decision concerning the impugned planned opening of the public access road.
24.The petitioners have also not given any evidence or information of who the maker of the impugned decision was.
25.Whereas the petition issues that are truly of concern to the petitioners, I find the issues of fact and law arising thereof to be in the nature of a civil dispute concerning creation of a public access road through the petitioner’s land. To resolve the issues brought before this court, this court or any other forum or tribunal is required to exercise the actions of the respondents complained of vis-à-vis the provisions of the statutes the respondents have failed to comply with in creating the impugned public access road.
26.In Motiga v Lugalia & 4 others, (Petition E328 of 2023) (2025] KEHC 275 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (22 January 2025) (Ruling) the court stated/held:-
“66.The doctrine of constitutional avoidance precludes the Court from invoking the Constitution to settle controversies that can conveniently be dealt with on any other legal basis other than the Constitution. Disputes that may appropriately be resolved on the basis of a statute or regulatory regime or other established legal principles should thus not be disguised and tried as Constitutional litigations….”.
27.In Ibrahim Wakhanyanga & 2 others v Chief Magistrate’s Court Kakamega & 2 others; Attorney General for Land Registrar Kakamega (Interested party) [2022] eKLR it was stated/held:-
“One of the instances in which a constitutional court loses jurisdiction is through the doctrine of constitutional avoidance. Thus, where there exist ample statutory avenues for resolution of a dispute, the constitutional court will defer to the statutory options and decline to entertain such a dispute. A party seeking relief in a matter that can be addressed through interpretation of statutes and rules made thereunder must seek relief through an ordinary suit as opposed to a constitutional petition….
28.In Sumayya Athmani Hassan v Paul Masinde Simidi & another [2019] eKLR the Court of Appeal stated as follows:-
“Where a legislation has been enacted to give effect to a constitutional right, it is not permissible for a litigant to found a cause of action directly on the Constitution without challenging the legislation in question. That principle has been reinforced by the Supreme Court in Communications Commission case ……. Accordingly, the petition being incompetent, the court acted in excess of jurisdiction and erred in law in determining the petition.”
29.In Gabriel Mutava & 2 others v Managing Director Kenya Ports Authority & another [2016] eKLR the Court of Appeal stated/held:-
“Time and again it has been said that where there exists other sufficient and adequate avenue to resolve a dispute, a party ought not to trivialize the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court by bringing actions that could very well and effectively be dealt with in that other forum. Such party ought to seek redress under such other legal regime rather than trivialize constitutional litigation.…A corollary to the foregoing is the principle of constitutional avoidance. The principle holds that where it is possible to decide a case without reaching a constitutional issue that should be done.”
30.Having determined that the issues raised in this petition are in the nature of a civil suit for determination of the legality or otherwise of creating a public access road passing through the petitioner’s land, which dispute can be redressed through the applicable law and procedures/processes, I decline the invitation to elevate the dispute to a constitutional issue.
31. The upshot of the foregoing is that the instant suit does not meet the threshold of a constitutional petition. The petitioners have also failed to establish a firm basis or foundation for their case against the respondents. Consequently, I dismiss the petition with no order as costs as it is undefended.
32.Orders accordingly.
Dated, signed and delivered this 4th day of December, 2025.
Judgment delivered virtually in the presence of;-
Mr. Kibelion H/B for Mr. Arusei for the Petitioner.
N/A for the 1st 2nd 3rd and 8th Respondents
Mr. Kutei for the 4th 5th 6th and 7th Respondents.
Court Assistant: Christine
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Introduction
1.The petitioner herein, instituted this suit/petition seeking judgment against the respondents, jointly and severally for:-
i)A declaration that the decision by the respondents to open a road and/or construct a road passing through Mogotio Girls High School land to the extent that there was no consultation or public participation by the school and by the student community, then the same was therefore arbitrary, unreasonable, illegal and in total unconstitutional and had violated Article 10 of the Constitution of Kenya and was accordingly for quashing and/or setting aside in its entirety by the orders of the honourable court;
ii)A declaration that the public participation ought to be real and not illusionary and ought not to be treated as a mere regularity, formality of Constitutional dictates and further that the failure by the respondents to serve posters, newspaper or any form of notice to the petitioner requiring them to attend any scheduled consultative meeting for public participation and/or views gathering on the intended opening of the road constituted a violation of the national values and principles of governance and one such principle and value which binds all is the public participation value/principle. In consequence, the whole process was an illegality, irrational, arbitrary and unconstitutional, null and void ab initio;
iii)An order of permanent injunction do issue restraining the respondents by themselves, their servants, agents, employees and/or whomsoever jointly and severally from beaconing, from bringing in surveyors, from initiating the opening and/or construction of a road passing through Mogotio Girls High School from entering the petitioner’s land, from planning, from holding meetings, from launching the road construction, from passing the resolution, from encroaching on the school land, from effecting the intended road opening, from carrying out any activity on the school land and from having any dealings on the school land and from having dealings on L.R No.9109/101 approximately 27.31Ha and in future for them to carry out their actions publicly, fairly, openly and observing the public participation value/principle.
iv)An order for compensation to the petitioner for the violations of the petitioner’s constitutional rights.
v)Any other relief that the court may deem fit and necessary to grant to redress the violation of the petitioner’s right to property and to redress the lack of fair hearing and lack of fair administrative action.
2.As can be discerned from the averments/contentions on the face of the petition and the affidavit sworn in support thereof, the petition/suit is premised on alleged threat to construct a public road passing through the petitioner’s school. The petitioner complains that the decision to construct/open a public road through their land was done without consultation with the school community/stakeholders hence arbitrary, unreasonable, procedurally unfair and illegal.
3.The impugned decision is said to have been communicated to the petitioner by way of Text message (SMS) by the area Member of County Assembly (MCA). The area MCA is said to have attended a meeting at Mogotio Girls Secondary School and confirmed that the road was to be opened by January 2023.
4.According to the Minutes of a joint Board of Management (BOM) meeting of Mogotio Vocational Training College (VTC) and Mogotio Girls Secondary School held on 1st December, 2022 there was no official communication concerning the alleged threat of opening of a public road through the petitioner’s land. Be that as it may, because the petitioner was apprehensive that a public road may be opened through their land thereby adversely affecting it and Mogotio VTC, they saw it well to have the joint meeting. It is in that joint meeting that a resolution was passed to file a suit in court to stop the construction of the road between the two institutions. In that meeting, it was acknowledged, albeit implicitly, that the road in question exists in the map for the area drawn in 2013. In the meeting, it was also resolved that a suit be filed to have the road expunged from the map as it does not exist in the map of 1984.
5.The petition is undefended.
Petitioner’s Submissions
6.Pursuant to directions given to the effect that the petition will be disposed of by way of written submissions, the petitioners filed submissions dated 8th October, 2025 in which they submit that the petition raises serious constitutional questions concerning the right to property, the right to fair administrative action, the right to education and the principle of public participation enshrined under Article 10 of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010; that attempting to curve out a road through their school without public participation, transparency and accountability, the respondents violated their right to property and the right to be afforded public participation concerning an action or activity which threatens the existence of the school and its operation.
7.The petitioners have made reference to the provisions of Article 10(2) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and a number of decided cases where the principle of public participation is discussed/espoused, and submitted that it is not in dispute that the respondents proceeded to commence and took steps towards opening a road through the petitioner’s school land without consulting the school administration, the students and the wider school community.
8.Complaining that there were no notices, barazas, newspaper advertisement or any other mechanisms employed to involve or inform the petitioners of the intention to open a road through the school prior to the impugned planned action/activity, the petitioner terms failure to conduct public participation concerning the impugned activity not a mere procedural lapse but a fundamental breach of a constitutional safeguard which renders the entire process unconstitutional, illegal, null and void.
9.Based on the cited cases, the petitioner submits that there is need for public participation in cases where the impending act will impact the welfare and conduct of the petitioner’s business. According to the petitioner, the impugned activity, if implemented, will affect it as the school land would require a perimeter wall and a flyover for the students to cross over the other parcel of land; that it will also make the environment for learning unfriendly to the students due to the noise from the motor vehicles and the pedestrians among other hazards.
10.The petitioner further complains that they were not given notice and afforded opportunity to be listened to concerning any concerns that they may have and the concerns of the school fraternity and assert that the omission is a violation of their right to fair administrative action.
11.It is the petitioner’s case that sanctioning such conduct would be a total miscarriage of the principles of justice and in all aspects unconstitutional.
12.The petitioner’s further submit that the proposed construction of a road through the school land is a violation of their right to education under Article 43(1)(f) and the right to inherent dignity guaranteed under Article 28 of the Constitution.
13.The impugned decision of the respondents (planning a public road through the petitioner’s school land unilaterally), is said to be a blatant violation of the Physical and Land Use Planning Act as the constitutional safeguards outlined in the Act were not complied with (There was no public participation through county forums or otherwise and the school community was denied the opportunity to be heard on a matter that fundamentally affects their welfare).
14.The respondents are also said to have ignored the procedural safeguards envisaged under the Public Roads and Road of Access Act, Cap 399 Laws of Kenya.
15.Explaining/claiming that they lack an adequate audience before a forum created by statute to resolve the dispute they have brought before this court, the petitioner contends/submits that the instant petition is not vitiated by the doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance.
16.Maintaining that they have demonstrated that the respondents acted unconstitutionally, illegally and arbitrary in planning to open a road through their school, Mogotio Girls High School without affording them public participation thereby violating their right to fair administrative action, the petitioners urge this court to grant them the reliefs sought.
Analysis and determination
17.I have read the pleadings filed by the petitioner and taken into account the circumstances leading to the filing of the petition which is the planned opening of a public access road through the petitioner’s school land. I have also read and considered the grounds advanced for the petitioner’s objection to the opening of a public access road through their school land as well as the submissions made in support of the petition.
18.From the petition, the affidavit evidence adduced in support thereof and submissions, I find the issues for the court’s determination to be:-
i)Whether the petition meets the threshold of a constitutional petition?
ii)Whether petitioners’ have made a case for being granted the orders sought?
iii)What order should the court make?
19.On whether the petitioner’s suit meets the threshold of a constitutional petition, a review of the circumstances leading to filing of the petition shows that the petition was filed after the petitioners received a text message from the area MCA informing them of a planned road opening exercise that was to be carried in January, 2023. The area MCA is also said to have visited the school and restated the information. To prove the alleged threat, the petitioners have produced the minutes of a joint BOM meeting of both Mogotio VTC and Mogotio Girls Secondary School where the above source of information concerning the planned opening of the public access road through the school land is captured.
20. It is noteworthy that in minutes referred to in paragraph 20 above, the petitioners acknowledge that the information/communication they received from their area MCA was not official. In those minutes, it is also acknowledged, albeit implicitly, that in the map for the area drawn in 2013, there exists a public access road which passes through the school. The minutes suggest that the public access road did not exist in the map for the area drawn in 1984.
21.The joint BOM passed a resolution for filing a suit to stop the planned opening of the public access road through their school land and for removal of the public access road from the map.
22.Whilst the petitioners complain that they were neither consulted nor given a hearing before the planned opening of the public access road, a keen appraisal of the issue(s) arising from the petition leaves one without a doubt that the bone of contention stems from creation of public access road through the petitioner’s school land, something that happened in 2013 or thereabout.
23.Whereas the petitioners have addressed the court at length on the planned opening of the public access road, they have not addressed the court on the circumstances upon which the public access road was created in 2013 or thereabout. They have also not provided the court with the area map for 1984 to help the court determine the question of existence or none existence of the road before 2013. Further, they have not extracted the text message sent to them by the area MCA or record a statement of the MCA and produced it in evidence before this court to shed light to it on what informed the sending of the text message or circumstances upon which the text message was sent to help the court make an informed decision concerning the impugned planned opening of the public access road.
24.The petitioners have also not given any evidence or information of who the maker of the impugned decision was.
25.Whereas the petition issues that are truly of concern to the petitioners, I find the issues of fact and law arising thereof to be in the nature of a civil dispute concerning creation of a public access road through the petitioner’s land. To resolve the issues brought before this court, this court or any other forum or tribunal is required to exercise the actions of the respondents complained of vis-à-vis the provisions of the statutes the respondents have failed to comply with in creating the impugned public access road.
26.In Motiga v Lugalia & 4 others, (Petition E328 of 2023) (2025] KEHC 275 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (22 January 2025) (Ruling) the court stated/held:-
“66.The doctrine of constitutional avoidance precludes the Court from invoking the Constitution to settle controversies that can conveniently be dealt with on any other legal basis other than the Constitution. Disputes that may appropriately be resolved on the basis of a statute or regulatory regime or other established legal principles should thus not be disguised and tried as Constitutional litigations….”.
27.In Ibrahim Wakhanyanga & 2 others v Chief Magistrate’s Court Kakamega & 2 others; Attorney General for Land Registrar Kakamega (Interested party) [2022] eKLR it was stated/held:-
“One of the instances in which a constitutional court loses jurisdiction is through the doctrine of constitutional avoidance. Thus, where there exist ample statutory avenues for resolution of a dispute, the constitutional court will defer to the statutory options and decline to entertain such a dispute. A party seeking relief in a matter that can be addressed through interpretation of statutes and rules made thereunder must seek relief through an ordinary suit as opposed to a constitutional petition….
28.In Sumayya Athmani Hassan v Paul Masinde Simidi & another [2019] eKLR the Court of Appeal stated as follows:-
“Where a legislation has been enacted to give effect to a constitutional right, it is not permissible for a litigant to found a cause of action directly on the Constitution without challenging the legislation in question. That principle has been reinforced by the Supreme Court in Communications Commission case ……. Accordingly, the petition being incompetent, the court acted in excess of jurisdiction and erred in law in determining the petition.”
29.In Gabriel Mutava & 2 others v Managing Director Kenya Ports Authority & another [2016] eKLR the Court of Appeal stated/held:-
“Time and again it has been said that where there exists other sufficient and adequate avenue to resolve a dispute, a party ought not to trivialize the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court by bringing actions that could very well and effectively be dealt with in that other forum. Such party ought to seek redress under such other legal regime rather than trivialize constitutional litigation.…A corollary to the foregoing is the principle of constitutional avoidance. The principle holds that where it is possible to decide a case without reaching a constitutional issue that should be done.”
30.Having determined that the issues raised in this petition are in the nature of a civil suit for determination of the legality or otherwise of creating a public access road passing through the petitioner’s land, which dispute can be redressed through the applicable law and procedures/processes, I decline the invitation to elevate the dispute to a constitutional issue.
31. The upshot of the foregoing is that the instant suit does not meet the threshold of a constitutional petition. The petitioners have also failed to establish a firm basis or foundation for their case against the respondents. Consequently, I dismiss the petition with no order as costs as it is undefended.
32.Orders accordingly.
Dated, signed and delivered this 4th day of December, 2025.
Judgment delivered virtually in the presence of;-
Mr. Kibelion H/B for Mr. Arusei for the Petitioner.
N/A for the 1st 2nd 3rd and 8th Respondents
Mr. Kutei for the 4th 5th 6th and 7th Respondents.
Court Assistant: Christine
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